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1 AAAȫ(gu)c(din)ﱣo(h)λ
幫
幫̖(ho)Q(chng)ϵһǡλںЖ|Ϸ5̎ռes6.7wʮ꣨1889o(j)gHֆ(li)ύuƳl(wi)(gu)ԣγҶVҺ(jin)wf(jin)Һ(jin)㌶С幫֮Q(chng)幫Լɂ(c)KW(xu)o幫ᡢ^ȪcwNB236ͤͭ@ͤ_(ti)ǡwŽȺMǞһľ|(zh)Y(ji)(gu)ʽļt9e450ƽT(mn)Ғ조幫~ϒϵһǡMң´d(ni)幫´dL(zhng)“(lin)߶u(png)r(ji)λH顰һǡxL(zhng)“(lin)飺ֻ֪Ї(gu)֪Α{ǧĥ(jin)־n(l)ԸȺŊ^Īؓ(f)˹ǡĩκƫ؎˲T[Ԕ(x)]
2Ӣ_(ti) AAAȫ(gu)c(din)ﱣo(h)λ
Ӣ_(ti)
Ӣ_(ti)T(mn)Ұl(f)F(xin)֮أо߼ָJ(rn)_(ti)T(mn)ԭַͨ^(gu)ʷ͌(du)(dng)?sh)Cͬr(sh)_(ti)80dǰľ·𸡬F(xin)ǰλںк·(c)Ӣ_(ti)й(zhn)|䡢200L(zhng)ĺСɽϖ|ֱT(mn)Rűˎ(k)(du)gǴٳو(chng)߅ľ[[C(j)(g)_(ti)Bͬٽռes1f(wn)ƽʼw17(Ԫ1891),mv(jng)꣬@һ_(ti)ڮ(dng)ϵ(gu)(ni)„ĺ_(ti)֮һcϺą_(ti)Ĵ_(ti)V|ĻT(mn)_(ti)Q(chng)ȫ(gu)Ĵ_(ti)Ǻη-ĚvʷҊ(jin)C1985꺣_(ti)м(j)c(din)ﱣo(h)λ20065±(gu)(w)Ժ(zhn)ȫ(gu)c(din)ﱣo(h)[Ԕ(x)]
3Ĺ AAȫ(gu)c(din)ﱣo(h)λ
Ĺ
Ĺ(gu)Ҽ(j)c(din)ﱣo(h)λںʡIĴĺĹһL(zhng)@ܞʯ@(ni)ľļL(zhng)࣬h(hun)?k)oCĹ@ʼf(wn)vʮ꣨1589꣩ǻʵSӂ(zhun)̵ϱO(jin)޽ɵ(j)f(shu)(dng)`\(yn)F(xin)Ĺؕr(sh)̧`ѵKͻȻˣ˂Ԟ@ǺxȡL(fng)ˮnj͵ᡣ15141587꣩tһև(gu)_(ki)̖(ho)ɽи(zhn)𻨴ˡel(xing)ԇ붼nM(jn)ʿƽIδ֪hd(gu)֪h΃(ni)ɡԲۿÓڼξʮΑ˾r(sh)ڌŷʿ(zhun)SպL(zhng)֮ˎʧo(w)˸Gֻк-ֱG@ҰTz@ጡ¡c꣨1569꣩Ρ[Ԕ(x)]
4𿣹ʾӼĹ AAȫ(gu)c(din)ﱣo(h)λ
𿣹ʾӼĹ
𿣹ʾӼĹλںʡЭɽ^(q)(zhn)·Ӣ^(q)(zhn)ˮ^𺣴϶Ζ|(c)̖(ho)ɽe̖(ho)ɽˣɽ(zhn)壨𻨴塱҇(gu)~W(xu)15o(j)ĽܳW(xu)ߣͬ𱻷Q(chng)pڡǺٽԕԵvʷ(l)ʮ꣨1421꣩ʸĸB(yng)ڊ^x”^(gu)ˣͯr(sh)Ԋ(sh)δԊ(sh)X(qin)t澎гԊ(sh)x𿣵Ԋ(sh)Сf(shu)߰˚qԊ(sh)@ƽԊ(sh)f(wn)ףռŹP(jng)֓𿣹ʾλڽ·9̖(ho)ԺT(mn)ڑҒɇ(gu)Ž(zhun)(sh)_}(xi)Ă(g)֡𿣹ʾӡʾʼ꣨1369꣩ռes700ƽ麣ϬF(xin)ġ[Ԕ(x)]
5 ʡ(j)c(din)ﱣo(h)λ
犘
犘DZОڰ˾֮һvʷƾǞm(yng)(du)̶ͨѳɞڵҪĘ(bio)־cԽ֮һĺ犘1987(j)нO(sh)Ҫf犘ԭòܿĽɺɞһ顰•犘λںЅ^(q)L(zhng)·ڃͯ@(ni)뺣ɽMcɽ·(du)RϪְˮӰbsʮõe110.25ƽףռ27.56ƽǸ27.36䓽Y(ji)(gu)òۂ^xϺ555߅ֱ2ωK(gu)ɣr(sh)L(zhng)0.53L(zhng)1ף30犈(bo)r(sh)һɔU(ku)4(g)Ȳ(l)(l)ƓP(yng)f犘ǽBʮ꣨1686꣩O(sh)y(tng)ܱuغʮ̎ġ[Ԕ(x)]
6ʾ
ʾ
ڸ·ļtǺһf(yn)CµġϺ족Ʒ–ڼtǺ·߅Ʒһ¹ŽȺ@޵ĺʾ𣨹Ԫ1514ꡫ1587꣩t̖(ho)(zhn)μԄֱQ(chng)u(y)顰족׆ʸĸHĽ̌(do)(sh)ˡxʥt(sh)ɇ(gu)¡Ĵ־36qel(xing)ԇe˺㱻]xɹ鸣ƽhW(xu)Iδd(gu)֪hξ꣨1564Α˾ξʵۺʧŷʿ(dn)nξʮ꣨1565ϡΰ衷ָ⳯ʧԣʵ۱Tzξ@ጏ(f)š¡c꣨1569Α(yng)Ѳ΃(ni)ףƽԩzɽӡϰ0¡c[Ԕ(x)]
7 ʡ(j)c(din)ﱣo(h)λ
FĹ
FĹ ΰ(1495)FھۡK75q꣬͢FeYĹxڭɽˮ^֮Դ(j)f(shu)FĹǰ˻صl(xing)xȥǰ3FL(fng)ˮLĹ(dn)εǰ챪챪_(d)ݺֱҵFČW(xu)Ԋ(sh)һFڼl(xing)xһ̎Ěw޵ FĹТںΰ꣨1495޽M(fi)r(sh)4(g)Ĺͥռ0.25ĹûrA픣߼s6ϳƫ|5㡣ԭĹ֞6ĹӋ(j)16(j)_(ti)AĹǰĹ4.4ף2팒1ףϷЌ(du)pgСⵓ(gu)ٱ̫̫Е(sh)ӢW(xu)ʿٛ(zng)(gu)̫ufaһƷ˅֮Ĺ߅ؿQ[Ԕ(x)]
¹r(nng)t܊ľfַ
¼t܊ľfַȫ(gu)100Ґ(i)(gu)xʡﱣo(h)λʡy(tng)λںЭɽ^(q)λǺЭɽ^(q)¼t܊ľfַʼ1952198419891998ԭɽh(du)ԓfַM(jn)˔U(ku)͸Ľľfַԭ顰šR(chng)ַ1938125խ¹r(nng)t܊ڴ˸ľ顰V|񱊿l(wi)F(tun)ʮą^(q)(d)(du)fַռe15T(mn)҂(c)ʯϿRɽͬ־vϑ(zhn)ʿԭ܊^(q)˾T}(xi)ġ¼t܊ľfַT(mn)16̎Qһ-Ī(d)(du)?wi)?zhn)ʿȫ~|(zh)T10.4~4.65.8ǰԪ}~¿hСľ(jin)顱~񡭡[Ԕ(x)]
9RR
RR
ĺ@Ǹ¸^ȼم^(q)ijڷ[һ̎L(fng)컵Ȫ@ǺӵԴ^ҲǺһ̎EڵءRַQ(chng)ŏRR˸M(jn)o·ʮ֮(hu)·߅һK˶ߵĻɽʯR֘ӡ·߅ĝؾˮ峺Rc(din)ռe20஀һ(g)(bio)(zhn)(chng)ԴҪһ(d)ďRRǰأRV(chng)ͣ܇(ch)(chng)ȪһlСϪһɽrʯ߀һƷ;^M^(q)m󣬵ڝ峺ĻɽrȪˮ(dng)?sh)ҲQ(chng)֮顰ˮL(zhng)ɱ֮?ch)ֲSï`ʮһݡˮϴЉmһڡˮܜʎ`׌㕺r(sh)sgğ@Ǻڡ[Ԕ(x)]
10m ʡ(j)c(din)ﱣo(h)λ
m
mλɽ·87̖(ho)ĺm(ҲQ(chng)RR)ʼԪ700vʷź󣬺ؔ(ci)T(mn)m(dng)a(chn)D(zhun)wзa(chn)ֹзa(chn)֌䮔(dng)ֱܹL(zhng)UoQ(mo)ٵĺƷ(yng)˾ɽAS̈(chng)ʹ20006£(zhn)mм(j)ﱣo(h)λ20095£ʡ(zhn)mڶʡ(j)ﱣo(h)λ(j)¡_(ti)־ӛdԪڭɽٺڣf(wn)ݣf(wn)ݣ͸ж|ȵѽ(jng)F(xin)ˡR^(gu)f(wn)͖|ġRџo(w)zEΨкڵд棬zַںϽɽ·ͰɳT(mn)ϴRF(xin)СmձС~﴾ġύuʷҲᵽύuRԪ[Ԕ(x)]
11ŽXַ ȫ(gu)c(din)ﱣo(h)λ
ŽXַ
ڭɽŽXַλںʡЭɽ^(q)?zh)?zhn)|ŽX塣Ӣۖ|26.2ຣTϽ֖|20.9ȫ(gu)c(din)ﱣo(h)λԪǰ111꣬hƽԽ֮ڴںύuO(sh)ºٶO(sh)16(g)h@ںO(sh)õC(j)(gu)ٸ(du)ϰՙMԭסķٶڹԪǰ82겢¿Դ¿ɞ鮔(dng)r(sh)ύuC(j)(gu)Ȼhٱ(du)ύuӊZ_(ki)l(f)δֹϢ׃Ӆ¿،O{(dio)(dng)?sh)ԭסֹƷVM(jn)ؕ͢ϰղؓ(f)ȹ뿤nj䚢OҵăӌO^ο͢Ո(qng)˜yì՝uJ˺ύuԭסһ͢òɼ{ZxOZ֮Ľhŗ(du)ύu[Ԕ(x)]
12¡һfַ ȫ(gu)c(din)ﱣo(h)λ
¡һfַ
¡һfַǺēu@ǭ¸ʮt첻IJԴλںн·131̖(ho)ԭլռe1839.09ƽe994.26ƽuľY(ji)(gu)192019266Ї(gu)0µһδ(hu)@_(ki)(hu)xea(chn)Ї(gu)0µطίT(hu)I(lng)(do)C(j)(gu)Ĵ¸˜I(y)һ(g)(jin)(qing)I(lng)(do)1950꺣ϽźȺɞ鲿(du)ںͺϙC(j)P(gun)kס޵ĵط1984fַ_һм(j)ﱣo(h)λ199411ʡ֌乫һʡ(j)ﱣo(h)λ19968º_(ki)ʼޏ(f)fַwסԼ20ԺĽ200051գ¡һfַy(tng)غξc(din)ʽ(du)_(ki)^(q)ַ[Ԕ(x)]
13ں
ں
λںʡӢ^(q)·߽ںM(jn)ԺT(mn)ΨһĽیT(mn)“(lin)Z(y)`Ρf(yn)f(wn)ѺʩǧК(sh)](mi)c(din)Ͷ(qing)ƲwĵùסһӣF(xin)ڵġ¡̎ĵطѽ(jng)ܱ(ni)С`•@աաͽ߀ԸĽ(jng)Ժ߀ķɽAɽӭՈ(qng)(li)ľNɵġ(li)ʮ_hcز_ۡһڵ(ni)mȻ²̧^ȥѽ(jng)Ѭ˘МɣX(ju)h(hun)@R˝Mغ~پǝMĿо߅ӱȼh(yun)̎һ̎ϰֲ^(du)߀׃@(dng)(chng)(li)¡Ҳ\(yn)(j)ĵĴӢɽs(dng)޹@o(qing)Ʋw˂һ@ôݲһ[Ԕ(x)]
14Txʾ ʡ(j)c(din)ﱣo(h)λ
Txʾ
ʡ(i)(gu)xءTxʾλںЭɽ^(q)(zhn)ϼs5L(zhng)̩fľnƽ̹ĴM(jn)fڱP(pn)e(cu)(ji)awŘ(sh)DZ-u(y)顰һáTx܊ĹʾӡL(zhng)̩屳ɽ温GҰTxʾ̎ڴf̎ݺľǰͥ،Gݵ\Txʾʼ19221942궬܊Qʳʎr(sh)ٚ1951ޏ(f)1984갴ԭòؽ韵ͥһۂĵӳۺTxCȻɫrܵ-}(xi)ġTx܊傀(g)Cxʾ~IJֽMռe6߽ʾӣӳۺQͥԺеTx~~1ס11[Ԕ(x)]
šһˇ(gu)uo(j)
šһˇ(gu)uo(j)Ǻc(din)ﱣo(h)λА(i)(gu)xλںи(zhn)T(mn)ǹ@(ni)λǺЭɽ^(q)šһˇ(gu)uo(j)(hu)193112(g)䓽ˮY(ji)(gu)O(sh)Ӌ(j)(d)L(fng)񡣼o(j)4ʈAΣֱ4.6wY(ji)(gu)Q(xi)|֘Πhֱڮ(hu)(gu)w|ʡСţһˇ(gu)uo(j)Ŀɞwһֱձ̫(yng)ĈAλԱʾЇ(gu)Տ(f)|ʡěQĺͷձߵĈ(jin)(qing)־1931918ձۇ(gu)xͻu(yng)_(ki)ʼȫռЇ(gu)|ʡ^֮šһˡ׃ʾh(yun)@һ(gu)uԸd@õļo(j)[Ԕ(x)]
16P(gun)fַ ȫ(gu)c(din)ﱣo(h)λ
P(gun)fַ
P(gun)fַ,1934,A^(q)Äɳ·4̖(ho)ںP(gun){(dio)w˷ǷǬg1165-1173꣩ںO(sh)в־֣`?gu)Vв˾˞魂P(gun)rΣ念ʮ꣨1685꣩Uв˾ƶO(sh)㡢}ĺP(gun)P(gun)O(sh)7̎ڿ֮һ1934P(gun)ُ(gu)õƤ5227.76ƽr(ji)ֵ35319.37ԪڬF(xin)ַ_(ki)ʼ(dng)d1937P(gun)ǿʽʹP(gun)fַǮ(dng)r(sh)ڵĘ(bio)־ԽҊ(jin)C˺ںP(gun)l(f)չĜɣṿ(dng)̎ڰ⽨ֳ|(zh)ĺϺϽ(jng)Q(mo)l(f)չvʷͬr(sh)ҲЏ(qing)Ї(gu)ӊZ҇(gu)YԴҊ(jin)C20135P(gun)fַȫ(gu)c(din)ﱣo(h)λ[Ԕ(x)]
17ռo(j)@
ռo(j)@
ռo(j)@ǺА(i)(gu)xλںЭɽ^(q)(zhn)|T(mn)h(hun)uٖ|(c)λǺЭɽ^(q)֡ռo(j)@19923(hu)o(j)@L(zhng)ռe5ڴT(mn)Ͽ̡ռo(j)@Ĉ@@Qhʯ睿̵Ąʿȫ񡣵񿂸ߞ5.43.2п1990620}(xi)ġŮ܄աɂ(c)иL(zhng)24׵}~քeФRɽxw־Ӣ޵}~1949ꭂRr(sh)TxS}(xi)“(lin)ӵijS9.4׵İ˽ͤ (sh)ͤ3(g)[Ԕ(x)]
(zhn)_(ti)zַ
(zhn)_(ti)zַǺc(din)ﱣo(h)λλںA^(q)I|·(c)c̩A·ς(c)ĞI@λǺв^(zhn)_(ti)ʼwʮһ꣨Ԫ1885꣩_(ti)ʈAΣ¶ʽ_(ti)܉ԫh(hun)ڣԫ3.15wռe0.89_(ti)(ni)o(h)ԫָλôһԭџo(w)棩ڿڳֱָݺ{(g)ڞͬr(sh)ˮAݿɵRλƽ_(ti)ԱtT(mn)λһlPֱˮL(zhng)15_(ti)DZTM(jn)ˎݔ֮,Ե؄(sh)ƽ̹_(ti)(ni)(c)ˮһTʹ(zhn)_(ti)r(sh)ֵз(zhn)(zhng)܊֭@Ї(gu)ĚvʷҊ(jin)C[Ԕ(x)]
19r顢ͤˮ ȫ(gu)c(din)ﱣo(h)λ
r顢ͤˮ
ںȪ(zhn)“(lin)ί(hu)ԁ|߅ϡߡ֮Q(chng)Ďrͤˮ̾ڴf(shu)@(g)ˮ(dng)?sh)˟o(w)Q(chng)кr顢ͤˮ̵̎вλںʡЭɽ^(q)?zh)?zhn)Ȫ(zhn)(zhn)(zhn)֮gݗ傀(g)(“(lin)塢f“(lin))rcͤes300r錒3ɰ˳16L(zhng)200ͤ錒218L(zhng)300ʼƴ1200vʷԵԱ沢B(yng)ɽ؅^(q)f(wn)1016գԓˮxڰȫ(gu)c(din)ﱣo(h)λ2019107գrͤˮxڰȫ(gu)c(din)ﱣo(h)λΡ[Ԕ(x)]
Ĺ
Ĺλں(zhn)ՌmɽԓĹмλ˵(g)ĹѨMĹ2008228⵽һ-F(tun)DƉġ͵IλgĴ˵ĹѨĵײѽ(jng)һ(g)ӣĹѨϷĴuʯҲ_(ki)һ(g)ں񾯰l(f)F(xin)r(sh)ĹѨm⵽ƉģĹ(ni)δ͵I199411£ĹО麣ʡc(din)ﱣo(h)λ2003꣬ܿcg֧ԭĹњĻA(ch)Ĺ_(ki)ʼ(dng)޿顰мo(j)@F(xin)ĹǰʯtʯT_(ti)ȼЌ(du)Q(chng)ʯٸʯRʯʯţԭ^(q)ַʡЭɽ^(q)(zhn)ʷչɽς(c)܇(ch)·ںЃ(ni)1·(zhn)վȻ(zhn)ϳĦǰc(din)[Ԕ(x)]